In the paired preference test, the denominator of t = sqrt(term), where term is

in UNICOM Intelligence Professional:

in Quantum/Quanvert:

where

For full details of the UNICOM Intelligence Professional formula, see Statistical formula for the paired preference test.

For full details of Quantum and Quanvert formulae, see the Quantum User's Guide or the Quanvert User's Guide.

Kish, L. Survey Sampling. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-48900-X.